Portaerei operative

[stev66]

sigle

la PLAN ( errore mio, scusa ) è la marina cinese: People's Liberation Army Navy

la JMSDF è la marina giapponese: Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force

la VMF è la marina russa ( Voenno-Morskoy Flot traslato da Военно-Морской Флот )

Normalmente si definiscono portaerei vere e proprie le CATOBAR ( in pratica le americane e la deGaulle ) , la Kutnezov è una STOBAR .

LA Varyag non si sa ancora bene...

[Guest EC2277]

È giunto il momento di parlare della Cavour, percui riporto nuovamente Wikipedia (Cavour (550) - Wikipedia) poiché le pagine dedicate alle nostre portaerei sono veramente ben fatte.

[h=1]Cavour (550)[/h]Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando l'omonima nave da battaglia della Regia Marina, vedi Conte di Cavour (nave da battaglia).

[TABLE=class: sinottico, width: 1]

[TR=class: sinottico_testata]

[TH=bgcolor: #4682B4, colspan: 2, align: center]Cavour (550)[/TH]

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[TR]

[TD=colspan: 2, align: center]

La portaerei Cavour ormeggiata al porto di Civitavecchia

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[/TR]

[TR=class: sinottico_divisione]

[TH=bgcolor: #4682B4, colspan: 2, align: center]Descrizione generale[/TH]

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[TR]

[TD=colspan: 2, align: left][TABLE=width: 278]

[TR]

[TD][/TD]

[/TR]

[/TABLE]

[/TD]

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[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Tipo[/TH]

[TD=align: left]CVH portaereiSTOVL[/TD]

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[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Classe[/TH]

[TD=align: left]Cavour[/TD]

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[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Proprietario/a[/TH]

[TD=align: left] Marina Militare[/TD]

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[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Ordinata[/TH]

[TD=align: left]22 novembre2000[/TD]

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[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Costruttori[/TH]

[TD=align: left]Fincantieri[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Cantiere[/TH]

[TD=align: left]Riva Trigoso -Muggiano[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Impostata[/TH]

[TD=align: left]17 luglio 2001[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Varata[/TH]

[TD=align: left]20 luglio 2004[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Completata[/TH]

[TD=align: left]27 marzo 2008[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Entrata in servizio[/TH]

[TD=align: left]10 giugno 2009[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Identificazione[/TH]

[TD=align: left]550

ITU: [/TD]

[/TR]

[TR=class: sinottico_divisione]

[TH=bgcolor: #4682B4, colspan: 2, align: center]Caratteristiche generali[/TH]

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[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Dislocamento[/TH]

[TD=align: left]27.100 (a pieno carico)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Lunghezza[/TH]

[TD=align: left]244 m[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Larghezza[/TH]

[TD=align: left]fuori tutto: 51,5 m

linea di galleggiamento: 39 m[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Pescaggio[/TH]

[TD=align: left]7,5 m[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Ponte di volo[/TH]

[TD=align: left]220 x 34 m

pista di decollo con sky-jump a 12° 180 x 14 m[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Propulsione[/TH]

[TD=align: left]Tipo COGAG:

• 4 TG GE/AvioLM2500 da 88 MW
  
• 6 GeneratoridieselWärtsila
  CW 12V200+ 2 Gruppi-asse da 17,6Mw
  

[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Velocità[/TH]

[TD=align: left]28 nodi (52km/h)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Autonomia[/TH]

[TD=align: left]7000 mn a 16 nodi (18 giorni)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Capacità di carico[/TH]

[TD=align: left]Mezzi terrestri:

• 100 veicoli leggeri (fuoristradaVM o Lince) oppure
  
• 50 veicoli medi (anfibiLVTP-7, corazzatiVCC-80 "Dardo") oppure
  
• 24 veicoli pesanti (MBT Ariete da 60 ton.)
  

[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Equipaggio[/TH]

[TD=align: left]1.210 divisi in:

• 451 equipaggio
  
• 203 gruppo volo
  
• 140 comando complesso
  
• 325+91Reggimento San Marco
  

[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Sensori di bordo[/TH]

[TD=align: left]Alenia Marconi Systems SPY-790 EMPAR

Alenia Marconi Systems RAN-40L

Alenia Marconi Systems SPS-791 RASS (RAN-30X/I)

2 x Alenia Marconi SystemsRTN-25X Orion(predisposizione)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Sistemi difensivi[/TH]

[TD=align: left]2 lanciatori verticali (VLS) in moduli da 16 celle ciascuno del tipo Sylver A-43 per missili superficie/aria a corto raggioAster 15 (32 missili)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR=class: sinottico_divisione]

[TH=bgcolor: #4682B4, colspan: 2, align: center]Armamento[/TH]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Artiglieria[/TH]

[TD=align: left]Due pezzi Oto Melara 76/62 mm del tipo Super Rapido

Tre pezzi Oto Melara/Oerlikonda 25/80 mm[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Mezzi aerei[/TH]

[TD=align: left]20 aeromobili

(possibili 30 aeromobili)

8 aereiSTOVL/V/STOL(Harrier II AV-8B Plus o F-35B)

12 elicotteriASW, ASuW(EH-101 AEW/ASW, SH-3D, AB-212 ASWe/o NFH-90)[/TD]

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[TR=class: sinottico_divisione]

[TH=bgcolor: #4682B4, colspan: 2, align: center]Note[/TH]

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[TH=bgcolor: #F9F9F9, align: left]Motto[/TH]

[TD=align: left]In arduis servare mentem[/TD]

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[TD=colspan: 2, align: left]

^[

^{senza fonte]}

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[TD=class: sinottico_piede, bgcolor: #4682B4, colspan: 2, align: center]voci di portaerei presenti su Wikipedia[/TD]

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Nave Cavour (CVH 550) è una portaerei STOVL italiana entrata in servizio per la Marina Militare Italiana nel 2009, costruita da Fincantiericui era stata commissionata il 22 novembre 2000. Lo scafo è stato impostato il 17 luglio 2001 nel cantiere navale di Riva Trigoso pressoGenova dove un primo troncone è stato varato il 20 luglio 2004 e trasferito al Cantiere navale del Muggiano della Spezia per l'aggiunta del secondo troncone e per i lavori di completamento della strumentazione. Il 22 dicembre 2006 ha effettuato la prima prova di navigazione ed il27 marzo 2008 è stata consegnata alla Marina Militare per i collaudi finali, al termine dei quali il 10 giugno 2009 è entrata in servizio^[1] con la consegna della bandiera di combattimento avvenuta nel porto di Civitavecchia alla presenza del Capo dello Stato Giorgio Napolitano delMinistro della Difesa Ignazio La Russa, del Capo di Stato Maggiore della Marina Ammiraglio di Squadra Paolo La Rosa, e delle più alte cariche istituzionali. La bandiera è stata consegnata al Comandante della nave, Capitano di Vascello Gianluigi Reversi dal Sindaco di TorinoSergio Chiamparino a nome della città piemontese, suggellando il rapporto ideale di Cavour con la città di Torino. La bandiera sarà custodita a bordo, in un cofano donato dai Gruppi dell’Associazione Nazionale Marinai d’Italia di Piemonte e Val d’Aosta. Nel porto era presente anche la nave scuola Amerigo Vespucci, impegnata nella campagna d’istruzione a favore degli allievi della Scuola Navale Militare Francesco Morosini.

La nave è stata costruita per combinare varie funzionalità fra cui, oltre alla predominante azione aerea tramite modelli V/STOL ed elicotteri, anche scenari di operazioni anfibie, comando complesso e di trasporto di personale civile e militare e di veicoli pesanti. Il 20 settembre 2011ha ottenuto la certificazione ufficiale NATO come portaerei. Nave Cavour è posta alle dirette dipendenze del Comando in Capo della Squadra Navale.

Il 5 dicembre 2011, al termine delle esercitazioni Mare Aperto e AMPHEX 2011, presso la Stazione Navale Mar Grande di Taranto, si è svolta l’ultima riunione della Commissione che ha formalmente sancito la conclusione dei "Lavori di Fine Garanzia" della nave ammiraglia della Squadra Navale. Al termine della cerimonia con la firma del Presidente della Commissione Ammiraglio Ispettore Capo Alberto Gauzolino, la nave ha raggiunto la piena capacità operativa. La "Commissione per i Lavori di Fine Garanzia" aveva lavorato, sin dal 2009, in piena sinergia con l’equipaggio della nave, numerose aziende sotto la guida di Fincantieri e vari enti della Marina Militare, tra cui la Direzione Generale per gli Armamenti Navali, l’Ispettorato Logistico e l’Ufficio Tecnico Navale di Genova.

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[h=2]Indice[/h] [

nascondi]

• 1 Araldica del nome
  
• 2 Gruppo imbarcato
  
• 3 Altri dettagli
  
• 4 Impiego operativo
  
• 5 Costi
  
• 6 Immagini del gruppo di volo
  
• 7 Note
  
• 8 Voci correlate
  
• 9 Altri progetti
  
• 10 Collegamenti esterni
  

[/TD]

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[/TABLE]

[h=2]Araldica del nome [modifica][/h]La nave è stata così chiamata in onore di Camillo Benso di Cavour (dopo aver scartato proposte come Luigi Einaudi ed Andrea Doria) ed è diventata la NUM (Nuova Unità Maggiore) della Marina Militare, affiancando la portaerei Giuseppe Garibaldi. Questo nome ha un significato storico per la Marina Militare, quale riconoscimento per il forte impulso che il Conte di Cavour diede all'indomani dell'Unità d'Italia, all'espansione ed alla qualificazione della marina italiana sorta dalla fusione delle marine preunitarie. Il nome è stato assegnato a due navi della Regia Marina: un trasporto di prima classe attivo tra il 1885 ed il 1894 e la corazzata Cavour, affondata dagli inglesi durante la famosanotte di Taranto nel 1940. Significativa anche la scelta dell'identificativo ottico, il numero 550 che fu dell'incrociatore Vittorio Veneto (in disarmo dal 2006), ex nave ammiraglia.

Il 14 dicembre 2011, nel porto di Civitavecchia, nel quadro delle celebrazioni del 150º Anniversario dell’Unità d’Italia, a rimarcare il legame tra la Marina Militare e gli ideali cavouriani di Unità d’Italia, Nerio Nesi, Amministratore Delegato della Fondazione Cavour di Santena (TO), alla presenza del Capo di Stato Maggiore della Squadra Navale Ammiraglio di Divisione Donato Marzano, ha consegnato, al comandante della nave, Capitano di Vascello Aurelio De Carolis, cimeli appartenuti a Camillo Benso di Cavour.

I cimeli, provenienti dalla collezione del museo del Castello Cavour di Santena, che saranno custoditi nell’area storica di rappresentanza dell’Ammiraglia della Marina Militare consistono in un collare con placca con astuccio originale del Supremo Ordine della Santissima Annunziata, conferito a Cavour il 30 aprile 1856, un bozzetto originale, modellato dallo scultore conte Annibale Galateri di Genola, del medaglione che ornava il cofano della bandiera di combattimento della corazzata Conte di Cavour e il Regio Decreto 11 ottobre 1850 di nomina di Camillo Benso di Cavour a Ministro della Marina Agricoltura e Commercio controfirmato da Massimo D’Azeglio e seguito da copia dell’atto di giuramento.^[2]

[h=2]Gruppo imbarcato [modifica][/h]

Il ponte di volo visto da poppa.

Il ponte di volo visto dallo sky-jump.

La portaerei, al centro di un gruppo da battaglia, è il simbolo per eccellenza della proiezione di potenza. Questa viene esercitata attraverso i suoi velivoli imbarcati, capaci di condurre operazioni offensive nel raggio di diverse centinaia di miglia dal gruppo navale. Il Cavour imbarcherà un totale di 20-24 aeromobili^[3]. Il gruppo di volo sarà composto da velivoli V/STOL AV8B Harrier Plus e, quando disponibili, i nuovi F-35 Lightning II (sviluppati da Lockheed Martin per il programma Joint Strike Fighter commissionato dagli Stati Uniti in collaborazione con Regno Unito, Italia, Paesi Bassi e altre nazioni). Inoltre verranno imbarcati elicotteri di vario tipo, dagli SH3-D agli NH90 ai pesanti EH-101, sia come piattaforme radar (versione AEWsu elicotteri) che come compiti di ricerca e soccorso (SAR) ma anche di attacco antisommergibile (ASW) o antisuperficie (ASuW).

I dati ufficiali per l'hangar indicano che è dimensionato per accogliere fino a 12 elicotteri oppure, in alternativa, 8 aerei^[4]. Il ponte di volo ha una dimensione tale che si ipotizza vi si possano parcheggiare fino a un massimo di 20 velivoli in diverse configurazioni tra aerei ed elicotteri, le dimensioni sono 220x34 m per una superficie netta di 6.800 m², la lunghezza della pista di decollo è di 180 metri e la larghezza è 14 metri.

Recentemente, in seguito ad incremento dei costi e a problemi di sviluppo, il progetto del caccia F-35B STOVL è stato definito "a rischio" dal Segretario della Difesa degli Stati Uniti d'America Robert Gates. In caso di cancellazione di tale progetto, la Marina Militare non potrebbe sostituire gli ormai datati Harrier, e sarebbe costretta a declassare la nuova portaerei al rango di portaelicotteri, dal momento che la nave Cavour non ha un ponte di volo adatto al decollo di velivoli ad ala fissa convenzionali^[5].

[h=2]Altri dettagli [modifica][/h]

L'isola laterale della portaerei

La Marina Militare Italiana dopo l'entrata in servizio della Garibaldi aveva pianificato l'acquisizione di un'altra portaerei che doveva avere caratteristiche simili a quelle dell'ammiraglia della flotta italiana, potendo però disporre di un ponte più grande e con un dislocamento leggermente superiore (15000 t).

Il progetto venne però cancellato dopo la fine della guerra fredda, quando i requisiti della Marina militare italiana cambiarono e si passò al progetto 156.

La nuova portaerei, infatti, avrebbe dovuto avere un tonnellaggio tra le 18000 e le 20000 tonnellate, con una lunghezza di 200 metri e una larghezza di 34 metri e in grado di imbarcare 10/12 AV-8B e 6/8 EH-101.

Nel 1995 si decise di optare per un'unità anfibia di 13000 tonnellate, ma successivamente si passò ad una nuova unità anfibia maggiore, in grado di imbarcare 4 AV-8B e 6/8 EH-101; alla fine si passò al progetto 163/168 a favore di una nuova nave da più di 27000 tonnellate di dislocamento a pieno carico, ossia laCavour poi consegnata alla Marina italiana nella primavera del 2008.^[6]

Altre ulteriori modifiche fatte nel 2008 renderanno il tonnellaggio massimo della nave è vicino alle 30.000 tonnellate in caso di imbarco di mezzi militari di massimo peso per operazioni aeronavali di supporto ad eventuali sbarchi.

L’impianto di propulsione dell'unità, con i suoi 88.000 kW generati da quattro turbine General Electric – Avio, è il più potente non nucleare realizzato al mondo negli ultimi decenni.^[7]

La centrale informativa di combattimento ha 150 postazioni operative informatizzate e schermi al plasma di grandi dimensioni per visualizzare i contenuti informativi necessari allo svolgimento delle operazioni.^[8]

[h=2]Impiego operativo [modifica][/h]

Lato dritto (destro) della portaerei Cavour

La prima missione operativa della Cavour ha avuto luogo il 19 gennaio 2010 ad Haiti, allo scopo di recare aiuto alla popolazione colpita dal catastrofico terremoto.^[9]

La portaerei a Napoli

Si tratta di un'operazione congiunta tra le Forze Armate italiane e quelle brasiliane. Il dispositivo nazionale interforze, che svolge l'operazione denominata "White Crane", risulta composto da quasi mille unità di personale tra militare e civile e con circa 200 tonnellate di viveri.

La portaerei ha preso parte nel golfo di Napoli alle celebrazioni della Festa della Marina Militare il 10 giugno2010.

Il 24 febbraio 2011 il ministro della difesa La Russa ha dichiarato che anche questa nave era stata mobilitata all'interno del meccanismo navale italiano disposto nel Mediterraneo in risposta ai rivolgimenti socio-politici in Libia.

[h=2]Costi [modifica][/h]

La costruzione della sola piattaforma è costata circa 900 milioni di euro, cui vanno aggiunti circa 23 milioni di euro per la fornitura di apparati minimi per la navigazione, 35 milioni relativi al supporto integrato ed ulteriori 150 milioni di euro in forniture dei sistemi di comando e controllo, le comunicazioni, i sistemi d'arma a corto/medio raggio. Per un totale di 1.108 milioni di euro, a queste spese poi vanno ad aggiungersi circa 192 milioni di euro per tutti i sistemi d'arma non compresi in quelli precedentemente menzionati per un costo complessivo pari a 1,3 miliardi di euro.^[10][11] Tali 1,3 miliardi di euro di costi sono stati coperti con fondi ordinari del Ministero della Difesa e dellosviluppo economico per una somma di 1.003 milioni di euro suddivisa in stanziamenti pari a 50 milioni di euro fino al 2001, 35 milioni di euro nel 2001, 78 milioni di euro nel 2002, 92 milioni di euro nel 2003, 185 milioni di euro nel 2004, 177 milioni di euro nel 2005, 25 milioni di euro nel 2006, 211 milioni di euro nel 2007, 150 milioni di euro nel 2008. I restanti 297 milioni di euro sono stati stanziati con fondi straordinari del ministero.

Allego il collegamento a questo video fatto dalla Marina stessa: Portaerei Cavour, filmato della Marina Militare - YouReporter.it

[Guest EC2277]

…

Normalmente si definiscono portaerei vere e proprie le CATOBAR ( in pratica le americane e la deGaulle ) , la Kutnezov è una STOBAR .

LA Varyag non si sa ancora bene...

Purtroppo questa distinzione tra CATOBAR e STOBAR è oramai divenuta obsoleta; come lo è definire un'auto sportiva in base alla trazione.

Pensiamo ad esempio alla Admiral Kuznestov (questo è il nome corretto, scusate per gli errori precedenti), che era stata concepita per essere una CATOBAR e poi convertita in STOBAR poiché mancava agli ingegneri russi l'esperienza nel progettare le catapulte a vapore.

Analogamente le future portaerei della classe Queen Elisabeth erano nate per essere delle STOVL, ma poi i britannici si resero conto che produrre una portaerei di quelle dimensioni (dovrebbe essere leggermente più grande della Charles de Gaulle) e dotarla di F-35B, che sono a decollo verticale, sarebbe costato troppo. Pertanto hanno deciso di rivedere il progetto per dotarla di ponte angolato, al fine di dotarla degli F-35C. Ma gli F-35C hanno bisogno della catapulta per decollare e quindi ecco che la Queen Elisabeth ha subito una bella variante in corso d'opera, divenendo una CATOBAR.

In tutti e due i casi però non è cambiato l'impiego operativo previsto per la nave, ovvero quello di proiettare in mare aperto la forza aerea della propria nazione e l'impianto strutturale è rimasto invariato al 95% per la Kuznestov ed all'80% per la futura Queen Elisabeth.

Ah, aggiungo una bell'immagine della sorella gemella della Kutnestov: la Varyag, ritratta mentre viene rimorchiata fino in Cina.

Tra l'altro pare che siano già cominciati i primi voli di collaudo dal suo ponte e che sia stata ribattezzata Shi Lang, in onore ad un ammiraglio vissuto al tempo delle dinastie Ming e Qing.

Modificato 21 Giugno 2012 da EC2277

[stev66]

Le ultime voci comunque dicono che la Kutnezov dovrebbe andare il cantiere a fine anno per un ammodernamento ( evidentemente i Russi non temono i Maya ) ed adottare queste benedette catapulte...

all'inizio il fatto di naon averle sembrava poco importante con le Ulianovsk in cantiere.

Ora che le Ulianovsk sono poco più che un ricordo lontano , si va avanti con quello che si ha.

La Varyag ora è alle prove in mare. non è ancora chiarissimo il suo utilizzo ( il contratto di vendita proibiva esplicitamente l'uso operativo ) . Gli analisti pensano che servirà alla PLAN più che altro per acquisiri esperienza e confidenza all'uso delle portaerei.

C'e' da dire che con i nuovo missili cinesi antinave balistici , il concetto stesso di CVN è in discussione ( se funzionano ovvio ed il CEP è quello voluto cioè 0 )

[Guest EC2277]

Se doteranno la Kutnestov delle catapulte e terranno il trampolino di decollo, allora potranno far decollare i loro Sukoy a pieno carico.

Si, pare che la Varyan/Shi Lang verrà usata come "nave scuola" e conoscendo (poco) i cinesi immagino che la cloneranno; probabilmente in scala 2:1.

[stev66]

due a uno magari no...avrebbero una superportaerei da 130.000 tonnellate più grossa delle CVN yankee...

ma sicuramente faranno esperienza di utilizzo di una wing in mare ( da addestramento a decollo/appontaggio alla gestione di una TF ) ...

I skhoi 33 sono giunti a fine vita...sembra saranno sostituiti con MiG 29 K sviluppati per gli indiani.

[Guest EC2277]

Riporto dalla versione inglese di Wikipedia (Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) la pagina dedicata alla Admiral Kutnestov, con lo scopo di fornire qualche dato tecnico in più su tale portaerei.

Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[TABLE=class: infobox, width: 1]

[TR]

[TD=colspan: 2, align: center][/TD]

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[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #B0C4DE, align: center]Career (Soviet Union ⁄ Russia)[/TH]

[TH=bgcolor: #B0C4DE, align: center][/TH]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Name:[/TD]

[TD]Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov (Russian:Адмирал Флота Советского Союза Кузнецов)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Namesake:[/TD]

[TD]Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Ordered:[/TD]

[TD]March 3, 1981[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Builder:[/TD]

[TD]Nikolayev South

Designer: Nevskoye Planning and Design Bureau[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Laid down:[/TD]

[TD]22 February 1983[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Launched:[/TD]

[TD]5 December 1985[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Commissioned:[/TD]

[TD]21 January 1991

Fully operational in 1995[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Status:[/TD]

[TD]Ship in active service, refit planned after 2012[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #B0C4DE, colspan: 2, align: center]General characteristics[/TH]

[/TR]

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[TD]Class and type:[/TD]

[TD]Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov-classaircraft carrier[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Displacement:[/TD]

[TD]^[1]

• 43,000 tons (Standard-load)
  
• 55,000 tons (Full-load)
  
• 58,600 tons (Max-load)
  

[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Length:[/TD]

[TD]1,005.5 ft (306.5 m)o/a

900 ft (270 m) w/l[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Beam:[/TD]

[TD]237.2 ft (72.3 m) o/a

125 ft (38 m) w/l[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Draft:[/TD]

[TD]29.9 ft (9.1 m)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Propulsion:[/TD]

[TD]Steam turbines, 8 turbo-pressurised boilers, 4 shafts, 200,000 hp (150 MW)

2 × 50,000 hp (37 MW) turbines

9 × 2,011 hp (1,500 kW) turbogenerators

6 × 2,011 hp (1,500 kW) diesel generators

4 × fixed pitch propellers[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Speed:[/TD]

[TD]32 knots (37 mph; 59 km/h)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Range:[/TD]

[TD]8,500 nmi(15,700 km) at 18 kn (21 mph; 33 km/h)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Endurance:[/TD]

[TD]45 days[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Complement:[/TD]

[TD]1,993 (total); 1,960 ship's crew

626 air group

40 flag staff

3,857 rooms[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Armament:[/TD]

[TD]• 8 × AK-630 AA guns (6×30 mm, 6,000 round/min/mount, 24,000 rounds)

• 8 × CADS-N-1 Kashtan CIWS (each 2 × 30 mm Gatling AA plus 32 3K87Kortik SAM)

• 12 × P-700 GranitSSM

• 18 × 8-cell 3K95Kinzhal SAM VLS(192 missiles; 1 missile per 3 seconds)

• RBU-12000 UDAV-1 ASW rocket launchers (60 rockets)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Aircraft carried:[/TD]

[TD]41-52^[1]

• Fixed Wing;
  
  • 14 × Su-33fighters (current)
    
  • 28 × MiG-29Kfighters
    (planned after refit)
    
  • 4 × Sukhoi Su-25UTG/UBP aircraft
    

  [*]Rotary Wing;

  • 4 × Kamov Ka-27LD32 helicopters
    
  • 11 × Kamov Ka-27PLO helicopters
    
  • 2 × Kamov Ka-27S helicopters
    

[/TD]

[/TR]

[/TABLE]

Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov (Russian: Адмирал флота Советского Союза Кузнецов "Fleet Admiral of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov") was laid down as Riga, launched as Leonid Brezhnev, embarked on sea trials as Tbilisi, and finally namedKuznetsov^[2] is an aircraft cruiser (heavy aircraft carrying missile cruiser (TAVKR) in Russian classification) serving as the flagship of theRussian Navy.

She was originally commissioned in the Soviet Navy, and was intended to be the lead ship of her class, but the only other ship of her class, Varyag, was never completed or commissioned and was sold to the People's Republic of China as a hulk by Ukraine.^[3] Kuznetsovwas named after the Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov.

[TABLE=class: toc, width: 1]

[TR]

[TD]

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Role
  
• 2 History
  
  • 2.1 MiG-29K for the Admiral Kuznetsov
    
  • 2.2 Mid-life refit
    

  [*]3 See also

  [*]4 References

  [*]5 External links

[/TD]

[/TR]

[/TABLE]

[edit]Role

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[TR]

[TD=class: mbox-image, align: center][/TD]

[TD=class: mbox-text]This section includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2011)[/TD]

[/TR]

[/TABLE]

While designated an aircraft carrier by the West, the design of the Admiral Kuznetsov' class implies a mission different from that of either the United States Navy’s carriers or those of the Royal Navy. The term used by her builders to describe the Russian ships is tyazholyy avianesushchiy raketnyy kreyser (TAVKR or TARKR) - “heavy aircraft-carrying missile cruiser” - intended to support and defend strategic missile-carrying submarines, surface ships, and naval missile-carrying aircraft of the Russian Navy.

The deck configuration has three launch positions for fixed-wing aircraft.

The Admiral Kuznetsov's main fixed-wing aircraft is the multi-role Sukhoi Su-33. It can perform air superiority, fleet defence, and air support missions and can also be used for direct fire support of amphibious assault, reconnaissance and placement of naval mines.^[4]

The carrier also carries the Kamov Ka-27 and Kamov Ka-27S helicopters for anti-submarine warfare, search and rescue, and small transport.

For take-off of fixed wing aircraft, the Admiral Kuznetsov uses a ski-jump at the end of her deck. On take-off aircraft accelerate toward and up the ski-jump using their afterburners. This results in the aircraft leaving the deck at a higher angle and elevation than on an aircraft carrier with a flat deck and catapults. The ski-jump take-off is less demanding on the pilot, since the acceleration is lower, but results in a clearance speed of only 120–140 km/h (75-85 mph) requiring an aircraft design which will not stall at those speeds.^[5]

The cruiser role is facilitated by the Kuznetsov's complement of 12 long-range surface-to-surface anti-ship Granit (SS-N-19) (NATO name Shipwreck) cruise missiles. This armament justifies the ship's Russian type designator "heavy aircraft carrying cruiser".

[edit]History

Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov, constructed at Nikolayev South Shipyard in Nikolayev, Ukrainian SSR, was launched in 1985, and became fully operational in 1995. An official ceremony marking the start of construction took place on 1 September 1982; in fact she was laid down in 1983. The vessel was first named Riga, then the name was changed to Leonid Brezhnev, this was followed byTbilisi. Finally, on 4 October 1990 ^[6], she was renamed Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov, referred to in short as Admiral Kuznetsov.^[7] The ship was 71% complete by mid-1989. In November 1989 she undertook her first aircraft operation trials. In December 1991, she sailed from the Black Sea to join the Northern Fleet. Only from 1993 on did she receive aircraft.

1995-96 Mediterranean DeploymentFrom 23 December 1995 through 22 March 1996 Kuznetsov made its first 90-day Mediterranean deployment with 13 Su-33, 2 Su-25 UTG, and 11 helicopters aboard. ^[8] This cruise marked the 300th anniversary of the Russian Navy celebrated in 1996. During that period the carrier lay at anchor at sea off the port of Tartus, Syria. ^[9] While in the Mediterranean her aircraft, mainly Su-33 fighters, made flights close to the Israeli shore line and were intercepted by Israeli F-16s.^[9]

1997-98At the end of 1997 she remained immobilized in a Northern Fleet shipyard, awaiting funding for major repairs, which were halted when they were only 20% complete. The overhaul was completed in July 1998, and the ship returned to active service in the Northern fleet on 3 November 1998.

2000The Kuznetsov apparently remained in port for about two years before preparing for another Mediterranean deployment scheduled for the winter of 2000-2001. This deployment was cancelled due to the loss of the nuclear-powered submarine Kursk. The Kuznetsovparticipated in operations related to the rescue and salvage of the Kursk submarine in late 2000. Plans for further operations were postponed or cancelled.

2003-04In late 2003 and early 2004, the Kuznetsov went to sea for inspection and trials. In late October 2004, she participated in a fleet exercise of the Russian Navy in the Atlantic Ocean,^[10] and again in September 2005. During the 2005 exercise, one of her Su-33 fighters was involved in an accident, and fell from the carrier into the Atlantic Ocean.

Although financial and technical problems have resulted in limited operations for the ship,^[11] it is expected that Admiral Kuznetsov will remain in active duty until at least 2030.^[12]

2006On 27 September 2006 it was announced that Admiral Kuznetsov will return to service in the Northern Fleet by the end of the year. The ship will undergo another modernization refit, in an attempt to correct some of her many technical issues. Admiral Vladimir Masorin, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, also stated that several Su-33 fighters assigned to the aircraft carrier would return to the ship after undergoing maintenance and refits of their own.

2007-08 Mediterranean deploymentFrom 5 December 2007 through 3 February 2008 Kuznetsov made its second Mediterranean deployment.^[8] On 11 December 2007,Admiral Kuznetsov passed by Norwegian oil platforms in the North Sea, 60 nautical miles (110 km) outside Bergen, Norway.^[13] Su-33 fighters and Kamov helicopters were launched from the carrier while she was in the area of the rigs. The incident caused the Norwegian helicopter service to stop its flights out to the rigs, due to a risk of collision with Russian aircraft operating from the carrier. The Russian carrier was in international waters during the maneuver.

The Admiral Kuznetsov then proceeded to the Mediterranean Sea, where she participated in an exercise together with 11 other Russian Navy surface ships and 47 aircraft. She performed three tactical training missions, using live and simulated missile launches with both air and surface missiles.^[14]

The aircraft carrier arrived back in Severomorsk on 3 February 2008 along with the Udaloy II class destroyer Admiral Chabanenko andUdaloy I class ASW Destroyer Admiral Levchenko.

After a maintenance period she was back at sea on 11 October 2008 where drills were held in the Barents Sea. Russian President and Supreme Commander-in-Chief Dmitry Medvedev visited the ship on 12 October 2008 during the Stability-2008 strategic exercises.

2008-09 Mediterranean deploymentFrom 5 December 2008 through 2 March 2009 Kuznetsov made its third Mediterranean deployment.^[8]

On 5 December 2008 the aircraft carrier and several other vessels left Severomorsk heading for the Atlantic on a tour which was announced would be lasting several months and which would include combat training including joint drills with Russia's Black Sea Fleetand visits to several ports in the Mediterranean.^[15][16] On this tour while the Admiral Kuznetsov anchored off Turkey on 7 January 2009 a small fire broke out on the ship. One crew member was killed by carbon monoxide poisoning. The fire was caused by a short-circuit.^[17]

On 16 February 2009, the Admiral Kuznetsov, along with other Russian naval vessels was involved in a large oil spill while she refuelled off the south coast of Ireland.^[18]

On 2 March 2009 the Admiral Kuznetsov returned to her main base in Severomorsk after a three-month voyage in the Northern Atlantic and the Mediterranean waters.

2010In September 2010 the Admiral Kuznetsov left a dry dock after scheduled repairs and is getting ready for a training mission in the Barents Sea at the end of that month.

2011-12 Mediterranean deploymentThe Russian Main Navy Staff announced that the Kuznetsov will begin a deployment to the Atlantic and Mediterranean in the early days of December. The carrier will be escorted by the large ASW ship Admiral Chabanenko. In late November 2011, Pravda and Reutersannounced that a squardon led by the Admiral Kuznetsov will deploy to its naval base in Tartus as a show of support for the al-Assad regime.^[19][20] However, in contradiction a Russian naval spokesman stated to the Izvestia daily that "The call of the Russian ships in Tartus should not be seen as a gesture towards what is going on in Syria," and "This was planned already in 2010 when there were no such events there. There has been active preparation and there is no need to cancel this," noting that the Admiral Kuznetsov would also be making port calls in Beirut, Genoa and Cyprus.^[21]

On 29 November 2011, Army General Nikolay Makarov, Chief of the Russian General Staff, said that sending ships of the Russian Navy to the Mediterranean Sea is linked to exercises and not to the situation in Syria. "In the event of necessity, namely to carry out repairs, to take water and food on board and to allow rest for the crews, Russian ships may visit Tartus but in this case this has not been included in the plan of the trip," the Interfax source said. He also noted that the size of Admiral Kuznetsov does not allow it to moor in Tartus because the port does not have suitable infrastructure, i.e. large enough mooring.^[22]

On 6 December 2011, the Admiral Kuznetsov and escorting ships departed its Northern Fleet homebase for a several month Mediterranean deployment. During the deployment Kuznetsov will also exercise with ships from the Russian Baltic and Black Sea Fleets.^[23]

On 12 December 2011 the Admiral Kuznetsov with its carrier group, has been spotted northeast of the Orkneys off the coast of northern Scotland from where it has been shadowed by HMS York for a week. This was the first time the carrier had deployed near the UK; due to severe weather, the group took shelter in international waters in the Moray Firth, some 30 miles from the UK coast. The Kuznetsov then sailed around the top of Scotland and into the Atlantic past western Ireland, where it conducted flying operations with her Sukhoi Su-33 Flanker jets and Kamov Ka-27 helicopters in international airspace.^[24]

On 8 January 2012, the Admiral Kuznetsov anchored near shore outside of Tartus while other ships in its escort entered the port to use the leased Russian naval support facility. After replenishing supplies, all of the ships will continue their Mediterranean deployment on 9 January.^[25]

On 17 February 2012, the Admiral Kuznetsov returned to its homebase of Severomorsk.

[edit]MiG-29K for the Admiral Kuznetsov

MiG-29KUB jet atZhukovskiy LII air field

According to the newspaper "Bulletin Reports," the Russian Navy expects to buy the Mikoyan MiG-29K for the Admiral Kuznetsov by 2011, according to an informed source in the Russian Ministry of Defence, noting that the contract may be concluded in the next two years. Information was confirmed by the general designer of one of the defence enterprises, which produces sub-assemblies for these aircraft, while the MiG corporation refrained from comment.^[26][27]

Currently, the Navy has a fleet of 19 carrier-based Su-33 fighters, a resource which will expire by 2015. The production of new Su-33 is possible, but not cost-effective for such small volumes. At the same time, the MiG-29K in this respect are more convenient, because the Indian Navy has already ordered 16 aircraft and plans to buy at least 30 planes. As noted by Konstantin Makienko^[who?], it lessens the series article cost and allows Russia to save on development. India has paid 730 million dollars for the development and delivery of 16 fighters, while the 24 planes for Russia's fleet would cost about $1 billion.^[26]

[edit]Mid-life refit

President Dmitry Medvedev and Defence Minister Anatoly Serdyukov aboard Admiral Kuznetsov in October 2008

In April 2010 it was announced that by the end of 2012 the ship will enter Severodvinsk Sevmash shipyard for a major refit and modernisation.^[28]The report states that the refit will include upgrades to the obsolete electronics and sensor equipment, installation of the new anti-aircraft system and increase of the air wing by the removal of the P-700 Granit anti-ship missiles. Upgrades might also include exchanging the troublesome steam powerplant to the gas-turbine or even nuclear propulsion and installation of catapults to the angled deck.^[28]

[edit]See also

• List of aircraft carriers
  
• List of aircraft carriers of Russia and the Soviet Union
  

[edit]References

• ^ ^{a b} Admiral Kuznetsov the only aircraft carrier in the Russian Navy
  
• ^ Sovetskii Avianostsy, S.Balakin & V.Zablotskiy, Moscow 2007, ISBN 9755699209545
  
• ^ "China's Aircraft Carrier Ambitions: Seeking Truth from Rumors^{[dead link]}." Storey, I.; Ji, Y. Naval War College Review. Winter 2004, Vol. 57, No. 1.
  
• ^ KnAAPO. "The Su-33 single-seat carrier-based fighter".
  
• ^ Gordon, Yefim & Davidson, Peter. 2006. "Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker", p. 54. Warbird Tech Series, vol. 42. ISBN 978-1-58007-091-1.
  
• ^ Korabli VMF SSSR" (USSR Navy Ships), Yu.V. Apalkov, Galeya Print, Sankt Peterburg, 2003
  
• ^ Sovetskii Avianostsy, S.Balakin & V.Zablotskiy, Moscow 2007, ISBN 9755699209545
  
• ^ ^{a b c} Ð“Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ : Министерство обороны Российской Феде
  
• ^ ^{a b} Encounters of the Russian Kind^{[dead link]}, IAF journal no. 145., June 2002
  
• ^ Pavel Felgenhauer, A Foolhardy Naval Exercise, Moscow Times. Critical article about the Fall 2004 exercise in which Kuznetsov participated.
  
• ^ "Advancing, blindly". The Economist. 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
  
• ^ Russia plans new life for naval assets^{[dead link]} Extract from Jane's, August 2006
  
• ^ Klungtveit, Harald S.; Gulseth, Hege Løvstad (2007-12-11). "Russiske jagerfly lager kaos i Nordsjøen" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-09-18.
  
• ^ Terje Solsvik; Wojciech Moskwa (December 11, 2007). "Russian navy distrupts access to N.Sea oilfields". reuters.com. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  
• ^ "Russian warships head to Atlantic, Mediterranean". AP. Moscow. December 5, 2008. Retrieved December 9, 2008.^{[dead link]}
  
• ^ "Russian naval task force heads to Atlantic, Mediterranean". RIA Novosti. Moscow. December 5, 2008. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
  
• ^ Sailor killed in fire on board Russian warship off Turkey - 2 | Russia | RIA Novosti
  
• ^ TimesOnline.co.uk Huge oil slick from Russian ship heads for British coastline, Accessed February 17, 2009.
  
• ^ "Russia sent military ships to base in Syria". Hotspots and Incidents - Terrorism. Pravda. November 30, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-01.^{[dead link]}
  
• ^ Thomas Grove (November 28, 2011). "Russia sending warships to its base in Syria". Africa. Rueters. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
  
• ^ Russia to send warships to Syria in 2012: report
  
• ^ Interfax, Moscow 1250 GMT 29 Nov 11
  
• ^ RIA Novosti 6 Dec 2001 1121GMT
  
• ^ "York completes a week shadowing Russia’s biggest warship around the British Isles" Royal Navy Press Release, 22/12/2011
  
• ^ Russian news agency INTERFAX 08 January 2012
  
• ^ ^{a b} Russian Navy will probably buy 24 MiG-29K fighters designed for India
  
• ^ Trude Pettersen (September 25, 2009). "New fighter jets for Admiral Kuznetsov". BarentsObserver.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  
• ^ ^{a b} "Moscow set to upgrade Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier". RIA Novosti. 2010-04-06. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
  

[edit]External links

[TABLE=class: metadata mbox-small plainlinks, width: 238]

[TR]

[TD=class: mbox-image, align: center][/TD]

[TD=class: mbox-text]Wikimedia Commons has media related to:Admiral Kuznetsov[/TD]

[/TR]

[/TABLE]

• Article on GlobalSecurity.org about the Kreml-class aircraft carrier.
  
• General information and images on www.naval-technology.com^{[dead link]}
  
• SU-25 at Faqs.org
  
• 
  
• RIA Novosti article on the Kuznetsov rejoining the Northern Fleet
  

Con questo intervento penso di non rompervi più le scatole con quella che può tranquillamente essere definita come la mia portaerei preferita, ma prima vi offro qualche video sulla Kuznestov e sulla manovra aerea scaturita da un errore di appontaggio su di essa: il Cobra di Pugacev, che potete ammirare al 4° minuto e 40 secondi del terzo video.

Modificato 22 Giugno 2012 da EC2277

[Guest EC2277]

Devo complimentarmi con chi gestisce la versione inglese di Wikipedia: è fatta molto bene e mi semplifica molto il lavoro.

Ciò mi consente di cominciare a parlarvi delle portaerei francesi in servizio, senza aver fatto nessuna fatica nel reperire le informazioni.

French aircraft carrier Foch (R99)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the World War II cruiser, see French cruiser Foch.

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[TR]

[TD=class: mbox-image, align: center][/TD]

[TD=class: mbox-text]It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Brazilian aircraft carrier São Paulo (A12). (Discuss) Proposed since June 2012.[/TD]

[/TR]

[/TABLE]

[TABLE=class: metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove, width: 1]

[TR]

[TD=class: mbox-image, align: center][/TD]

[TD=class: mbox-text]This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008)[/TD]

[/TR]

[/TABLE]

[TABLE=class: infobox, width: 1]

[TR]

[TD=colspan: 2, align: center][/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #B0C4DE, align: center]Career (France)[/TH]

[TH=bgcolor: #B0C4DE, align: center][/TH]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Name:[/TD]

[TD]Foch[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Ordered:[/TD]

[TD]1955[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Laid down:[/TD]

[TD]15 November 1957[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Launched:[/TD]

[TD]23 July 1960[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Commissioned:[/TD]

[TD]15 July 1963[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Decommissioned:[/TD]

[TD]15 November 2000[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Fate:[/TD]

[TD]Sold to the Brazilian Navy, re-named São Paulo.[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Notes:[/TD]

[TD]See NAe São Paulo for subsequent history[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #B0C4DE, colspan: 2, align: center]General characteristics[/TH]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Class and type:[/TD]

[TD]Clemenceau-classaircraft carrier[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Displacement:[/TD]

[TD]24,200 t (23,818 long tons) standard

32,800 t (32,282 long tons) full load[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Length:[/TD]

[TD]265 m (869 ft 5 in)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Beam:[/TD]

[TD]51.2 m (168 ft 0 in)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Draught:[/TD]

[TD]8.6 m (28 ft 3 in)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Propulsion:[/TD]

[TD]6 × Indret boilers

4 × steam turbines 126,000 hp (94 MW)

2 shafts[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Speed:[/TD]

[TD]32 knots (37 mph; 59 km/h)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Range:[/TD]

[TD]7,500 nmi(13,900 km) at 18 kn (21 mph; 33 km/h)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Complement:[/TD]

[TD]1,338 men, including 64 officers (1,920 men including the air group. 984 men if only helicopters are carried.)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Sensors and

processing systems:[/TD]

[TD]• 1 × DRBV-23B air search radar

• 1 × DRBV-50 low-altitude or surface search radar (later replaced by a DRBV-15)

• 1 × NRBA-50 approach radar

• 1 × DRBI-10 tri-dimensional air search radar

• Several DRBC-31 fire-control radar (later DRBC-32C)

• DRBN-34 navigation radars[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Armament:[/TD]

[TD]• 8 × 100 mm turrets (originally) ; in the 90s, 4 are replaced by 2 ×SACP Crotale EDIR systems, with 52 missiles

• 5 × 12.7 mm machine guns • 2 x Sadral launchers for 6 Mistralmissiles each (added in 1994).[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Aircraft carried:[/TD]

[TD]About 40 aircraft:

• 15 × Super Étendard

• 4 × Étendard IVP

• 10 × F-8E (FN) Crusader

• 6 × Alizé

• 2 × Dauphin Pedro helicopters

• 2 × Super Frelonhelicopters[/TD]

[/TR]

[/TABLE]

Foch (R 99) was the second Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier of the French Navy. She was the second warship named in honour of Marshal Ferdinand Foch, after a heavy cruiser commissioned in 1932, and scuttled in Toulon on 27 November 1942. Ironically Ferdinand Foch is famously quoted in 1911 saying "Airplanes are interesting toys but of no military value"^[1] although this was only eight years after the first powered human flight.

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[TD]

Contents

[hide]

• 1 History
  
• 2 Combat history
  
• 3 Gallery
  
• 4 See also
  
• 5 References
  
• 6 External links
  

[/TD]

[/TR]

[/TABLE]

[edit]History

The draft statute prepared by the Naval General Staff in 1949 asked four aircraft carriers of 20,000 tons to be available in two phases. At its meeting of 22 August 1949, the Supreme Council of the Navy was even more ambitious where they asked six aircraft carrier fleet. On 15 July 1952, the French Navy still wanted two to five with the French Union (not available to the NATO ). According to the RCM 12, the final document of the Lisbon Conference of 1952, France should make available NATO aircraft carrier in the D-day, two on day 30, three on day 180. But by 1953, the Navy had to be satisfied with two aircraft carriers. The PA 54 Clemenceau, budgeted in 1953, was delayed until November 1955, the PA 55 Foch, budgeted for 1955, was delayed until February 1957. Between 1980 and 1981, she underwent a study to certify the platform before catapulting aircraft carrying missiles, bombs, AM-39 Exocet and tactical nuclear bombs. Like her sister ship the Clemenceau, the Foch underwent a modernization and refit, replacing 4 of her 8 100mm guns with 2 Crotale air-defense systems. Unlike the Clemenceau, the Foch in 1997 also received 2 Sadral launchers (for 6 Mistral missiles each);^[2] those launchers were purchased by France in 1994.^[3]

The Dassault Rafale was test flown from the Foch (but not Clemenceau) after deck modifications in 1992 and operated from this carrier after further 1995-6 deck modifications.^[4]

After a 37-year career in the French Navy, on 15 November 2000, she was sold to the Brazilian Navy, and renamed NAe São Paulo. In the French Navy, she was succeeded by the Charles de Gaulle (R 91).

[edit]Combat history

In 1977 F-8 Crusaders from 14.F squadron on Foch participated in the Saphir missions over Djibouti. On 7 May 1977, two Crusaders went separately on patrol against what were supposedly French Air Force (4/11 Jura squadron) F-100 Super Sabres stationed at Djibouti. The leader intercepted two fighters and initiated a dogfight as part of the training exercise, but quickly called his wingman for help as he had actually engaged two Yemeni MiG-21 Fishbeds. The two French fighters switched their master armament to "on" but, ultimately, everyone returned to their bases. This was the only combat interception by French Crusaders.

In 1983–1984, the ship was sent to Lebanon for combat operations during the civil war with an air wing consisting of six F-8 Crusaders, fifteen Super-Etendards, three Etendard IVPs, five Br 1050 Alizés and six SA-321G Super-Frelons.^[5] She would rotate with Clemenceauproviding constant on station air support to French peacekeepers.

In October 1984, France sent Foch for operation Mirmillon off the coast of Libya, in response to tension in the Gulf of Sidra.^[6]

She was involved in the Yugoslav Wars between July and August 1993, in February and March 1994, and in February and from May to July 1994 in support of UN operations.^[6]

[edit]Gallery

• 
  

  
  

• 
  

  
  Meuse refuelingFoch
  

• 
  

  
  São Paulo, ex-Foch
  

[edit]See also

• List of aircraft carriers
  
• List of ship launches in 1960
  
• List of ship commissionings in 1963
  
• List of ship decommissionings in 2000
  

[edit]References

• ^ Marshal Ferdinand Foch quotes
  
• ^ Porte-avions Foch
  
• ^ The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems - Norman Friedman - Google Books
  
• ^ Bishop, Chris; and Chant, Chris. Aircraft carriers. Leicester: Zenith Press; 2004. p82-3. Aircraft Carriers - Chris Bishop, Chris Chant - Google Books
  
• ^ foch
  
• ^ ^{a b} Vought F-8 Crusader - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  

[edit]External links

[TABLE=class: metadata mbox-small plainlinks, width: 238]

[TR]

[TD=class: mbox-image, align: center][/TD]

[TD=class: mbox-text]Wikimedia Commons has media related to:Foch (R99)[/TD]

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[/TABLE]

• CV Foch Aircraft Carrier Foch on Alabordache (French)
  

Fonte: French aircraft carrier Foch (R99) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Se v'interessa conoscere la sua seconda vita come nave ammiraglia della flotta brasiliana, eccovi il collegamento per la pagina dedicata alla São Paulo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_aircraft_carrier_São_Paulo_(A12)

Modificato 22 Giugno 2012 da EC2277

[Guest EC2277]

Questa invece è la pagina dedicata al Fantozzi delle portaerei: la Charles de Gaulle francese; notare la vignetta.

French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle (R91)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[TABLE=class: infobox, width: 1]

[TR]

[TD=colspan: 2, align: center][/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #B0C4DE, align: center]Career (France)[/TH]

[TH=bgcolor: #B0C4DE, align: center][/TH]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Name:[/TD]

[TD]Charles de Gaulle(R91)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Namesake:[/TD]

[TD]Charles de Gaulle[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Ordered:[/TD]

[TD]3 February 1986[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Builder:[/TD]

[TD]DCNS[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Laid down:[/TD]

[TD]14 April 1989[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Launched:[/TD]

[TD]7 May 1994[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Commissioned:[/TD]

[TD]18 May 2001[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]In service:[/TD]

[TD]Active Service (As of 2012)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Renamed:[/TD]

[TD]Laid down asRichelieu, renamedCharles de Gaulle in 1987[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Homeport:[/TD]

[TD]Toulon, France[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Nickname:[/TD]

[TD]CDG[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Honours and

awards:[/TD]

[TD]Jack with the colours of the Free French Forces (front) and the ribbon of the Ordre de la Libération(back)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Fate:[/TD]

[TD]Active in service as of 2012[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TH=bgcolor: #B0C4DE, colspan: 2, align: center]General characteristics[/TH]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Class and type:[/TD]

[TD]Unique aircraft carrier[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Displacement:[/TD]

[TD]37,085 tonnes (standard)

42,000 tonnes (full load)^[1][/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Length:[/TD]

[TD]261.5 m (858 ft) overall[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Beam:[/TD]

[TD]64.36 m (211.2 ft) overall[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Draught:[/TD]

[TD]9.43 m (30.9 ft)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Propulsion:[/TD]

[TD]2 × K15 pressurised water reactors (PWR), 150 MW each

4 × diesel-electric

2 × shafts[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Speed:[/TD]

[TD]27 knots (50 km/h)[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Range:[/TD]

[TD]Unlimited distance; 20-25 years[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Endurance:[/TD]

[TD]45 days of food[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Capacity:[/TD]

[TD]800 commandos, 500 tonnes of ammunitions[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Complement:[/TD]

[TD]Ship's company: 1,350

Air wing: 600[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Sensors and

processing systems:[/TD]

[TD]DRBJ 11 B tridimensional air search radar

DRBV 26D air search radar

DRBV 15C low altitude air search radar

Arabel target acquisition radar[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Electronic warfare

and decoys:[/TD]

[TD]ARBR 21 Detector

ARBB 33 Countermeasures suite

ARBG2 MAIGRET Interceptor

4 × Sagaie decoys launcher

SLAT (Système de lutte anti-torpille) torpedo countermeasures[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Armament:[/TD]

[TD]4 × 8 cell A-43 Sylver launchers carrying the MBDA Aster 15surface to air missile.

2 × 6 cell Sadral launchers carryingMistral short range missiles

8 × Giat 20F2 20 mm cannons.[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Aircraft carried:[/TD]

[TD]28 – 40 aircraft,^[2]including

* Rafale M

* Super Étendard

* E-2C Hawkeye

* SA365 Dauphin

* EC725 Caracal

* AS532 Cougar[/TD]

[/TR]

[/TABLE]

Charles de Gaulle (R91) is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale) and the largest Western European warship, soon to be the second largest after the Royal Navy's new Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carrier due to enter service in 2016^[3] . She is the tenth French aircraft carrier, the first French nuclear-powered surface vessel, and the first and so far only nuclear-powered carrier completed outside of the United States Navy. She is named after French statesman and general Charles de Gaulle.

The ship carries a complement of Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard, Dassault Rafale M and E-2C Hawkeye aircraft, EC725 Caracal andAS532 Cougar helicopter for RESCO, as well as modern electronics and Aster missiles. She is a CATOBAR-type carrier that uses a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the US Nimitz class carriers, the 75 m C13-3 steam catapult.

[TABLE=class: toc, width: 1]

[TR]

[TD]

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Development
  
  • 1.1 Construction
    
  • 1.2 Spying incident
    
  • 1.3 Trials and technical problems
    

  [*]2 Active service

  • 2.1 Refitting
    
  • 2.2 Link 16
    
  • 2.3 Afghanistan
    
  • 2.4 Indian-Pakistani crisis
    
  • 2.5 Rescue mission
    
  • 2.6 Continuing operations
    
  • 2.7 First major overhaul
    
  • 2.8 Fifth overseas deployment: Task Force 473 & Operation Agapanthus 2010
    
  • 2.9 2011 Mediterranean Operations
    
  • 2.10 Integration in the future navy
    

  [*]3 See also

  [*]4 References

  [*]5 External links

[/TD]

[/TR]

[/TABLE]

[edit]Development

[edit]Construction

The carrier replaced Foch, a conventionally-powered aircraft carrier, in 2001. Clemenceau and Foch were completed in 1961 and 1963 respectively; the requirement for a replacement was identified in the mid-1970s.

The hull was laid down in April 1989 at the DCNS Brest naval shipyard. The carrier was launched in May 1994 and at 35,500 tonnes was the largest warship launched in Western Europe since the British Ark Royal in 1950. She was to be named Richelieu in 1986 by the French president at the time, François Mitterrand, after the famous French politician Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal and Duc deRichelieu (following a traditional name for capital ships in the French Navy, see battleship Richelieu for instance).^[4] On 7 February 1987, however, after a ferocious row, the name of the ship was changed to Charles de Gaulle by the Gaullist Prime Minister at the time,Jacques Chirac.

Construction quickly fell behind schedule as the project was starved of funding, which was worsened by the economic recession in the early 1990s.^{[citation needed]} Total costs for the vessel would top €3 billion. Work on the ship was suspended altogether on four occasions: 1990, 1991, 1993 and 1995.^[4] The ship was commissioned on 18 May 2001, five years behind the projected deadline.

[edit]Spying incident

In 1993, it was alleged by The Guardian that a group of engineers inspecting the vessel during her construction were British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) operatives, believed to have been learning the method of shielding the nuclear reactors, amongst other technical details.^[5] However, the newspaper published a denial by both the British government and the Direction de la surveillance du territoire (DST) (in English: Directorate of Territorial Surveillance) that there had been any incident.^[6]

[edit]Trials and technical problems

Satirical strip of Le Parisien newspaper. The sign reads : "Work in progress, slow down".

Charles de Gaulle entered sea trials in 1999. These identified the need to extend the flight deck to safely operate the E-2C Hawkeye. This operation sparked negative publicity, however, as the same tests had been conducted on both Foch and Clemenceau when the F-8E(FN) Crusader fighter had been introduced. The 5 million francs for the extension was 0.025% of the total budget for Charles de Gaulleproject.

On 28 February 2000, a nuclear reactor trial triggered the combustion of additional isolation elements, producing a smoke incident.

During the night of 9 November 2000, in the Western Atlantic while en route toward Norfolk, Virginia, theport propeller broke and the ship had to return to Toulon to replace the faulty unit. The investigations that followed showed similar structural faults in the other propeller and in the spare propellers: bubbles in the one-piece copper-aluminium alloy propellers near the centre. The fault was blamed on the supplier, Atlantic Industries, which had already gone bankrupt. To make matters worse, all documents relating to the design and fabrication of the propellers had been lost in a fire. As a temporary solution, the less advanced spare propellers of Clemenceau and Foch were used, limiting the maximum speed to 24 knots (44 km/h) instead of the contractual 27 knots (50 km/h).

On 5 March 2001, Charles de Gaulle went back to sea with two older propellers and sailed 25.2 knots (47 km/h) on her trials. Between July and October, Charles de Gaulle had to be refitted once more due to abnormal noises, as loud as 100 dB, near the starboard propeller, which had rendered the aft part of the ship uninhabitable.

On 8 November 2001, a sailor performing a routine maintenance task lost consciousness due to a toxic gas leak. A non-commissioned officer attempted to rescue him and collapsed as well. They were rescued by the on-board medical team and sent to Toulon Hospital. Both survived.

[edit]Active service

[edit]Refitting

Command bridge ofCharles de Gaulle

On 16 September 2001, the French press reported slightly higher than acceptable radioactivity levels aboard Charles de Gaulle, thought to be caused by a faulty isolation element. It was later discovered that the radioactivity levels were normal, but that the regulations concerning acceptable radioactivity levels had changed. While the United States was preparing its response to the September 11, 2001 attacks in the form of Operation Enduring Freedom, the media complained about the lack of deployable French military power. At the same time, the Defence Commission reported the maintenance of the Fleet to be substandard. In this context, Charles de Gaulle, then under repairs, was again an object of criticism, with former President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing describing it as a "half-aircraft-carrier".

[edit]Link 16

On 11 October 2001, the frigate Cassard, four AWACS aircraft and Charles de Gaulle were involved in a successful trial of the Link 16high-bandwidth secure data network. The network allows real-time monitoring of the airspace from the South of England to theMediterranean Sea. The collected data were also transmitted in real time to the Jean Bart through the older Link 11 system.

A rare occurrence of a 5-country multinational fleet of the NATO countries, the Netherlands, France, the United States, Italy, and the United Kingdom, during Operation Enduring Freedom in the Oman Sea

[edit]Afghanistan

On 21 November 2001, France decided to send Charles de Gaulle to the Indian Ocean in support of Operation Enduring Freedomagainst Taliban-controlled Afghanistan. Task Force 473, with 2,900 men under the command of Contre-Amiral François Cluzel, sailed on 1 December. The task force was composed of Charles de Gaulle, frigates La Motte-Picquet, Jean de Vienne and Jean Bart, the nuclearattack submarine Rubis, the tanker Meuse and the aviso Commandant Ducuing.

Embarked air power comprised sixteen Super Étendards, one E-2C Hawkeye, two Rafale Ms and several helicopters. The Super Étendards carried out their first missions above Afghanistan on 19 December, executing reconnaissance and bombing missions, covering over 3,000 kilometres. Overall they carried out 140 missions, averaging 12 every day.

USS Enterprise (left), the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, andCharles de Gaulle (right), at the time the latest nuclear carrier.

On 18 February 2002, a Helios observation satellite spotted abnormal activities near Gardez. The next day, after American Special Forces in the region confirmed these observations, Charles de Gaulle launched two reconnaissance Super Étendards. On 20 February, British and US forces entered the valley and Operation Anaconda began in early March.

In March, Super Étendards and six Mirage 2000 aircraft carried out airstrikes against targets claimed to be al Qaeda. A few targets suggested by US forces were denied out of fear of hitting civilians. Nevertheless, French involvement was complimented on 11 March 2002 by US President George W. Bush, who mentioned "our good ally, France, has deployed nearly one-fourth of its navy to support Operation Enduring Freedom".^[7] At this point, the French air complement had been increased to 16 Super Étendards, 6 Mirage 2000 D, 5 Rafales, and two Hawkeye AWACS. From February, the air wings of Charles de Gaulle and USS John C. Stennis landed on each other's decks as a means of strengthening the ties between the allies.

On 2 May, Charles de Gaulle arrived in Singapore for relief and returned to Oman on 18 May.^{[citation needed]}

[edit]Indian-Pakistani crisis

In June 2002 while Charles de Gaulle was in the Arabian Sea, armed Rafale fighters conducted combat air-patrols with the United States Navy off the coast of India and Pakistan,^[8][9] marking a significant point in the Rafale M's operational career and its integration with the carrier.^[10]

[edit]Rescue mission

On 9 October, the CrossMed (The Regional Operational Centre for Monitoring and Rescue in the Mediterranean Sea) received a distress call from the 8-metre Babolin, whose hull was leaking. Charles de Gaulle, on manoeuvres in the region, sent a helicopter that airlifted the three-man crew, despite 35-knot (65 km/h) wind, troubled sea, and bad visibility.

[edit]Continuing operations

Charles de Gaulle participated in further actions as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in 2005. It returned to Southwest Asia in May 2006 and shortly after supported coalition efforts over Afghanistan. The aircraft carrier regularly participates in the annual bilateral naval exercises between the Indian and French navies^[11] called'Varuna'.^[12]

[edit]First major overhaul

Charles de Gaullerefitting in the southwestern dock of Vauban industrial zone in 2008

Charles de Gaulle's first major overhaul began in September 2007. The highlight of this 15-month refit was therefueling of the nuclear power plant, a necessary step after six years in service, during which Charles de Gaulle sailed the equivalent of 12 times around the world, spent 900 days at sea, and performed 19,000 catapult launches.^[13] Several improvements will also be made, including the installation of new propellers. These will allow the Charles de Gaulle to reach her design speed of 27 knots (50 km/h), replacing the vintage propellers used as a stop-gap since 2001. Aircraft maintenance and weapons stores will also be upgraded to allow operation of new Rafale F3 fighters armed with ASMP-A nuclear missiles and SCALP EG cruise missiles, and satellite communications bandwidth will be increased tenfold. The refit was completed in December 2008 but following technical problems in March 2009 the carrier is back in Toulon for repairs. An intensive work-up period is planned to bring the Charles de Gaulle and her airgroup back to operational status.

On 14 October 2010, a four month cruise was cut down to a single day when the ship suffered an electrical fault in its propulsion system.^[14]

[edit]Fifth overseas deployment: Task Force 473 & Operation Agapanthus 2010

A French naval task group, designated Task Force 473, led by the Charles de Gaulle departed Toulon on 30 October 2010 for a four-month deployment, code-named Operation Agapanthus 2010, to the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Indian Ocean. and Persian Gulf.^[15][16] The task group also included the frigates Forbin and Tourville; a nuclear attack submarine Améthyste; a replenishment oiler Meuse, 3,000 sailors, and an Embarked Aviation Group (EAG) consiting of 12 Super-Étendard attack aircraft, 10 Rafale multi-role fighters, and two E-2C Hawkeye 2000 AEW aircraft.^[15][17][18] The task group commander, Rear Admiral Jean-Louis Kerignard, defined force's mission as follows:

With USS Abraham Lincoln

Rafale number 9 on the flight deck of the Charles de Gaulle aircraft carrier

The force would help allied navies fight piracy off the coast of Somalia and send jets to support NATO in the skies above Afghanistan."^[17]Once on station, Task Force 473 joined two U.S. Navy carrier strike groups operating in the Persian Gulf (pictured), the Carrier Strike Group Nine led by the USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) and Carrier Strike Group Ten led by the USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75) .^[17] On 28 November 2010, according to an Associated Press dispatch, the French Ministry of Defense announced that a French Rafale fighter jet crashed near the Charles de Gaulle which was operating 60 miles (100 kilometres) off the coast of Pakistan in the Arabian Sea in support of coaltion forces in Afghanistan. The pilot parachuted to safety and was picked up by helicopter, and the cause of the crash was under investigation.^[19]In December 2010, during its deployment to the Persian Gulf, the British Type 22 frigate Cumberland rotated from its maritime security patrol to escort Charles de Gaulle in support of coalition military operations in Afghanistan. This represented an example of interoperability pursuant to the recently-ratified Anglo-Franco defence cooperation treaty.^[20]

Between 7–14 January 2011, Task Force 473 participated with bilateral naval exercise, code named Varuna 10, with the Indian Navy. Indian naval units participating in Varuna 10 included the aircraft carrier Viraat, the frigates Godavari and Ganga; and the diesel-electric submarine Shalki. Varuna 10 was a two-phase naval exercise, with the harbor phase taking place between 7–11 January and the sea phase between 11–14 January in theArabian Sea.^[18][21] Task Force 473 paid a port visit to Goa between 7–14 January 2001.^[22] The carrier Charles de Gaulle and the frigate Fobinalso paid a goodwill visit to Khor Fakkan, United Arab Emirates, on 30 January 2011, docking at its container terminal facilities.^[23]

Operation Agapanthus 2010 concluded on 21 February 2011. Task Force 473 completed more than 1,000 flying hours flown from the Charles de Gaulle in support of NATO's International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) deployed in Afghanistan. Task Force 473 also participated in bilateral exercises with armed forces of India, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates to test the interoperability of French military forces and share expertise with the regional partners.^[16]

[edit]2011 Mediterranean Operations

Further information: Opération Harmattan and 2011 military intervention in Libya

On 20 March 2011, the Charles de Gaulle was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea to enforce United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 which called for a no-fly zone overLibya.^[24] Accompanying the Charles de Gaulle were the frigates Dupleix and Aconit and the fleet replenishment tanker Meuse.^[25]

During Unified Protector, the air fleet has flown 1.350 sorties during the war on Libya. The CdG was then withdrawn for maintenance at Toulon on 10th August.^[26]

[edit]Integration in the future navy

The French Navy is theoretically a two-carrier navy, mainly to ensure that at least one ship is operational at all times even if the other is under repair. This scheme requires another aircraft carrier to be built, however, as the Charles de Gaulle is the only aircraft carrier currently serving.

Cost considerations have made equipment standardization a necessity. In this context, there is a possibility of collaboration with Britain for future aircraft carriers and Thales UK(with BMT) made the design for the Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier,^[27] which may be modified as the Future French aircraft carrier. Steps have been taken by both countries to make such a scenario possible: the new carrier had to be conventionally propelled to meet the requirements of the Royal Navy. France favours nuclear propulsion, and a study is being conducted to see if it is more cost efficient than gas turbines.^[28]

[edit]See also

• List of aircraft carriers
  
• List of naval ship classes in service
  
• List of ship commissionings in 2001
  
• Future French aircraft carrier
  

[edit]References

• ^ "Caractéristiques" (in (French)). Defense.gouv.fr. 2011-05-18. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  
• ^ Charles de Gaulle
  
• ^ HMS Queen Elizabeth will be the first of the Royal Navy's two new Queen Elizabeth-class supercarriers and is scheduled to enter service in 2016 according to information in November 201
  
• ^ ^{a b} (French) senat.fr
  
• ^ Webster, Paul; Norton-Taylor, Richard (23 August 1993). "French Foil MI6 Carrier Snoop". The Guardian: p. 1.
  
• ^ "MI6 Carrier Affair Denied". The Guardian: p. 3. 24 August 1993.
  
• ^ "President Thanks World Coalition for Anti-Terrorism Efforts", The White House, 11 March 2002. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
  
• ^ `French jets patrolled Indo-Pak. coastline' The Hindu, Retrieved 3 November 2006
  
• ^ Has Pakistan Lost Its Nuclear Weapons? Bharat Rakshak Monitor, Retrieved 3 November 2006
  
• ^ "En Garde!" (August 2002). Journal of Electronic Defense.
  
• ^ Dikshit, Sandeep (26 March 2006). "Indian, French navies plan exercises from Monday". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 November 2006.
  
• ^ "Indo-French Joint Naval Exercise 'Varuna 06'". Indian Navy. 24 March 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2006.
  
• ^ "Entretien et Modernisation du Charles de Gaulle^{[dead link]}" (PDF). French Navy Press Release'. Retrieved 22 May 2008
  
• ^ French Carrier Heads Home a Day into Anti-Piracy, Afghan Mission AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE, 14 October 2010
  
• ^ ^{a b} "Fifth Deployment for French Charles de Gaulle Aircraft Carrier". defpros.news. Defense Professional. 3 November 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  
• ^ ^{a b} "French naval exercise ‘Operation Agapanthus 2010’ concludes". Defence & Aerospace News. Brahmand.com. 22 February 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  
• ^ ^{a b c} "French warship to join US fleet in PG". France. PressTV. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  
• ^ ^{a b} Vivek Ragahuvanshi (6 January 2011). "Indo-French Naval Exercises Set To Start". DefenseNews. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  
• ^ "French Rafale jet crashes off Pakistan's coast; pilot parachutes to safety". Winnipeg Free Press. 28 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2011.^{[dead link]}
  
• ^ "Navy ship joins French carrier for Christmas". The News. Johnston Press Digital Publishing. DEcember 23, 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  
• ^ "Largest Indo-French Naval Exercise Yet From Tomorrow". Forum. PakistanDefence. 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
  
• ^ "Stopover of the French aircraft-carrier "Charles de Gaulle" in Goa". Consulate General of France in Bombay. 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
  
• ^ "French Naval vessels berth in Khorfakkan during goodwill visit". NewsDesk. LogisticsWeek. 30 January 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  
• ^ Asif Nazeer (19 March 2011). "France sends aircraft carrier to Libya". allvoices.com. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  
• ^ Pierre Tran (19 March 2011). "France Deploys About 20 Aircraft to Enforce Libya No-Fly Zone". DefenseNews. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  
• ^ "France to Withdraw Aircraft Carrier From Libya Ops". DefenseNews. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  
• ^ CVF - Thales Official website of the Thales Group
  
• ^ Le porte-avions 2 (PA2) Official website of the French Ministry of Defence
  

French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle (R91) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

P.S. Ora mi prendo una pausa.

Modificato 22 Giugno 2012 da EC2277

[McNab]

ma prima vi offro qualche video sulla Kuznestov e sulla manovra aerea scaturita da un errore di appontaggio su di essa: il Cobra di Pugacev, che potete ammirare al 4° minuto e 40 secondi del terzo video.

Non sapevo fosse nato da un errore di appontaggio.

Se lo è rivenduto bene